Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used exclusively de-identified, publicly available aggregate data from the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory (WHO-GHO). Since the data contain no personal identifiers and are openly accessible for research purposes, no formal ethics approval was required according to Debre Markos University institutional guidelines. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Consent to participate was not applicable as the study involved no direct interaction with human participants.

: Not applicable. No identifying details, images, or personal information of participants are included in this manuscript. All data were anonymized before analysis, and no individual consent for publication was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.