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Authors
Bashir, Sharmake Gaiye https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6900-9870
Abdullahi, Yakub Burhan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8535-198X
Abdi, Yusuf Hared https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7224-2247
Salad, Hiba Abdi https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8978-2667
Abdi, Mohamed Sharif https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0220-4014
Ahmed, Naima Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9058-4807
Rashid, Nuradin Abdullahi Sheikh https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9419-6379
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-6408
Abdulle, Ahmed Abdinasir https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8036-4489
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of ICF International and the National Bureau of Statistics of Somalia. The survey was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). All participants were informed about the purpose of the survey, assured of confidentiality, and provided written informed consent prior to data collection. This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified SDHS microdata, and therefore no additional ethical approval was required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and the DHS Program data use policies.
: Not applicable. This manuscript contains no individual person’s data, images, videos, or identifying information that would compromise anonymity.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
