Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Shahid, Muhammad
Song, Jiayi
Ali, Zaiba
Naveed, Hafiz Muhammad
Yuksel, Serhat
Dincer, Hasan
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NGO World Foundation, Pakistan (TNWF/FUND/2026/GR-0075)
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (PNURSP2026R797)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 1 February 2026
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilized secondary, anonymized data from the publicly available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program. Ethical approval for the original DHS data collection was obtained by the DHS Program through national ethics committees in each participating country. Informed consent was not required for this specific study as the data are publicly available and anonymized. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
