Crossmark

Association between depression and all-cause, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality in the Spanish population: a prospective cohort study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-026-02010-1

Published Online: 2026-07-10

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Godino-Cruz, Jesús https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4064-1252
Lara, Elvira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7424-2198
Caballero, Francisco Félix https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9609-3579
Olaya, Beatriz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-3929
Domènech-Abella, Joan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7605-3887
Haro, Josep Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-277X
Miret, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-854X
Ayuso-Mateos, José Luis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-826X
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (635316)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ACI2009–1010)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PS09/00295, PS09/01845, PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, PI19/00103, PI22/00340, and PI22/00375)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00218, PI16/01073, PI16/ 00177, PI19/00235, PI19/00088, PI19/00150, and PI19/00103)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)

Seventh Framework Programme (223071)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-10

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-07-10
More Information

Article History

Received: 14 January 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 10 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The baseline and follow-up study protocols were approved by the Ethics Review Committees of La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid and Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and provided written consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without consequence.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

Document is current

Any future updates will be listed below