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Authors
Chen, Siyi
Zhao, Yushan
Huang, Shumin
Guo, Yanfen
Huang, Yuting
Zhang, Yize
Zhao, Zhongwen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Youth Science Fund Project (82405242)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2024J08199)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2026J001819)
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 25 July 2026
First Online: 1 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of Peking University, the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee, and the University of Michigan for CHARLS, ELSA, and HRS, respectively. These three cohorts were conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki, does not contain any personally identifiable information, and all participants submitted written informed consent.
Consent for publication: All authors agree to publish this paper.
Competing of interests: None.
