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Authors
Sun, Qian
Yin, Yanlong
Chai, Xiangnan
Zhang, Zifan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (21CSH062)
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2026
Accepted: 21 August 2026
First Online: 4 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Data for this study were derived from the CHARLS database. The original CHARLS study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015, Beijing, China). All participants in the CHARLS study provided written informed consent after being informed of the study purpose, potential risks, and benefits.
Consent for publication: All the authors are required to submit this manuscript for publication.
Competing interests: We have no conflict of interest to disclose.
