Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Adnan, Muhammad Azri Adam
Sahril, Norhafizah
Abd Hamid, Hamizatul Akmal
Alias, Nazirah
Mahdin, Khairulaizat
Hamid, Norlaila
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was registered with the National Medical Research Register (NMRR-21-157-58261) and approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) under the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Approval to conduct the study was also obtained from the Ministry of Education at the national, state, and school levels, in adherence to all applicable regulatory and institutional protocols. Informed consent was obtained from both participants and their legal guardians, with no replacements allowed for those who declined participation. All completed OMR sheets and consent forms were handled with strict confidentiality and securely stored in locked filing cabinets at the Institute for Public Health, in accordance with the Ministry of Health’s data protection and privacy standards.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study used secondary data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Adolescent Health Survey and did not involve identifiable individual-level information in the publication.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
