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Authors
Schumacher, Joseph E.
Ahsan, Abdullah
Simpler, Amber H.
Natoli, Adam P.
Cain, Bradley J.
Chindavong, Peter S.
Yarcan, Aren
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 14 July 2025
First Online: 24 July 2025
Declarations
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: The researchers obtained these clinical data on arrestees in a de-identified manner under a confidential data-sharing agreement. This study was deemed exempt from institutional review board as the secondary data analysis of archival, anonymized data did not meet the definition of human subjects research (per Salus IRB, Case ID #23102-01).
: Not applicable.
: De-identified health data for this study were provided to the authors under a confidential data-sharing agreement between NaphCare, Inc. and NaphCare Charitable Foundation, Inc. Despite being separate entities, through advertisement or other means, NaphCare, Inc. could potentially benefit from the publication of this paper.
