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Authors
Hawes, Mark R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5655-0675
Gelberg, Lillian
McCarthy, William J.
George, Tony P.
Strong, David
Cheng, Jing
Chakravarty, Deepalika
Alway, Jessica
Escober, Jessica
Giannola, Jesica
Figueroa, Isaura
Akabike, Whitney
Vijayaraghavan, Maya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (1T32DA057216-01)
State of California’s Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (Grant # T34IR8103)
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2026
Accepted: 31 August 2026
First Online: 4 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participant: This study uses a single Institutional Review Board (IRB) approach and is approved by the University of California, San Francisco single IRB (IRB number: 24-41579). The IRBs at the University of California, Los Angeles (IRB number: IRB-25-2565-AM-001), University of California, San Diego (IRB number: 813912); Center for Addiction Mental Health Research Ethics Board number: 2025/195) independently reviewed the protocol. Any protocol modifications will be communicated to the IRB.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
