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Authors
López-Paredes, Héctor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-5271
Yagüe-Perales, Rosa M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-9636
March-Chorda, Isidre https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-5635
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: Regarding ethical approval, the study has been developed using data from corporations and not individuals. This information is clarified in the methodology section of the document. There are no human participants in the study; it is based solely on census and public data from Spain from the SABI database.
: Regarding the observation of identifying images or other personal or clinical data of participants that compromise anonymity, we explain the following: There is no human participation of any kind in the study, therefore, there is no breach of data or identification of human beings. It is important to clarify that the data referenced in this scientific study are based on global analyses of companies from Valencia, Spain, which I can access as a PhD student in Business Management at the University of Valencia.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest.
