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Authors
Rueda-Galvis, Javier Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-7844
Garavito-Hernández, Youseline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-9959
Castro-Castro, Martha Lenis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7897-1040
Pérez-Picón, Karen Lizeth https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3136-4431
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UDI University Research and Development (79532806-2024)
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2024
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: The UDI Research and Development University, through the ethics committee of the PORTER research group, approved this work through AVAL-PORTER #79532806-2024, recognizing that ethical standards are met to protect the rights of participants, the environment, and the public involved in the research. The data presented in tables and figures do not contain personal information that requires any type of written or verbal consent, as they are public and anonymous.
: The UDI University of Research and Development, through the research directorate, delivered a consent for publication through the AVAL-RECTORAL act #79532806-2024. The data from this study do not need written or verbal consent because it is anonymous and freely accessible by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor GEM and is cited as a reference in the paper.
: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this research.
