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Article History

Received: 8 May 2026

Accepted: 19 September 2026

First Online: 30 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study adhered to ethical standards for research involving human participants. Data were collected through a voluntary survey of SME owners and managers. Prior to participation, respondents were informed of the study’s purpose, the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. All participants provided informed consent before completing the questionnaire. No personally identifiable information was collected.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data, images, or videos.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.