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Article History

Received: 7 September 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve any direct research on human participants or animals conducted by the authors. Access to the original data used in this study requires administrative approval, and the co-authors’ institutional affiliations were granted permission by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to utilize the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) nationwide database. However, because our observational study relied on de-identified, publicly available data, it was deemed exempt from ethical review by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University. Furthermore, the data collected in this study did not require additional anonymization prior to analysis. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.