Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Ethics and Research Committee of Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia. The approval reference number is (JUREC0048/FMHS0027/052022), and the study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and local institutional guidelines. Official permission was granted by the Ministry of Health and the Department of Public Health in Mogadishu, Somalia. outlining the purpose of the data request, the specific secondary data needed, and its intended use for academic research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.