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Authors
Namukonda, Sharon
Shawa, Misheck
Siame, Amon
Mwansa, James
Mulundu, Gina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology, Zambia
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2024
Accepted: 31 May 2025
First Online: 5 August 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Zambia Biomedical research ethics committee (UNZABREC) (REF. 3175 − 2022) and the National Health research authority (NHRA) (REF: NHRA0000004/22/11/2022). Informed consent was obtained from all participating mothers prior to swabbing their hands as well as their baby’s skin.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
