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Article History

Received: 2 February 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All primary studies had human research ethics committee (HREC) approvals and patient consent. Approval was given by the primary authors of the original studies. Additional HREC approval was obtained for the secondary synthesis of previously collected data (Griffith University Ref. No. 2018/438).

: Not applicable.

: CMR declares that The University of Queensland or Griffith University has received on her behalf investigator-initiated research grants from Cardinal Health, 3 M and BD; consultancy payments for expert advice or lectures from 3 M, BBraun, BD, ITL Medical; and that Griffith University has received educational grants for AVATAR from 3 M/Solventum, Angiodynamics/Spectrum Vascular, Eloquest, and ICU Medical. JS has no competing interest to declare. GM has no competing interest to declare. EL Griffith University and The University of Queensland have received on her behalf, an investigator-initiated grant from Eloquest. NM Griffith University and The University of Queensland have received on her behalf investigator-initiated grants from Eloquest, Cardinal Health, 3 M, and Biolife, and consultancy payments for lectures or opinion from 3 M, Medline and Wolters Kluwer, unrelated to this work.NR has no competing interest to declare.TK declares that The University of Queensland or Griffith University has received on her behalf investigator-initiated research grants from, Eloquest and ICU Medical; consultancy payments for expert advice or lectures from 3 M, BBraun, BD, Interrad, ICU Medical, Medical Specialties Australia; and that Griffith University has received educational grants for AVATAR from 3 M/Solventum, Angiodynamics/Spectrum Vascular, Eloquest, and ICU Medical.AU declares her employer, The University of Queensland, has received investigator-initiated research grants from Eloquest, StatSeal and 3 M/Solventum, unrelated to the current work.SK reports monies paid to her QUT by BD Medical for educational consultancies unrelated to this work.DB reports prior consultancy payments provided to her employer (The University of Queensland) by product manufacturers (Solventum [formerly 3 M], Becton Dickinson), unrelated to the current work.AC declares her employer, on her behalf, has received unrestricted investigator-initiated research grants, from Cardinal Health, 3 M, Eloquest and Biolife (unrelated to the current project) and a consultancy payment from Wolters Kluwer for review of clinical practice guidelines. SB has no competing interest to declare.GRB reports prior consultancy payments provided to her employer (The University of Queensland or Griffith University) by product manufacturers (Solventum [formerly 3 M], Becton Dickinson, BBraun) and education providers (Ausmed, Wolters Kluwer).