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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used de-identified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021), publicly available from the Global Health Data Exchange ( ). Ethical approval for the overall research protocol was granted by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (reference No. zz2025-272-01); no additional ethics review or informed consent was required for the use of the GBD data.

: Not applicable. This study used only fully anonymized, publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021; no individual patient information is presented.

: Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.