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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The protocol was approved by Ouest I ethic committee in France and by The Queensland Children’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee in Australia. All participants, or representants, have given their written inform consent.

Consent for publication: All the authors have given their permission for this article to be published. Participants have given their consent for publication upon providing written informed consent for participation in this trial. Results will be sent to participants if contact details were provided on the participants consent form.

Competing interests: OM, BD, and JG received funding for congress attendance, and research funding from Becton Dickinson and 3 M. DLB’s employer (The University of Queensland) has received on her behalf unrestricted research grants from Becton Dickinson and Solventum and consultancy payments from BBraun. TMK’s employer (The University of Queensland or Griffith University) has received unrestricted research grants on her behalf from BD, and consultancy payments from 3 M, BD, BBraun, Medical Specialties Australia, and Smiths Medical. NM—Griffith University and The University of Queensland have received on her behalf investigator-initiated research grants or consultancies from Cardinal Health, Biolife, 3 M, Eloquest, Medline and Wolters Klewer. AJU’s employer (The University of Queensland or Griffith University) has received unrestricted research grants or consultancies on her behalf from BD, 3 M, Sterile Care, and Medline. AC has received unrestricted investigator-initiated research grants, paid to her employer (Griffith University), from Cardinal Health, 3 M, and Eloquest. JB’s employer (Griffith University) has received unrestricted research grants on his behalf from BD and Navi Technologies, and consultancy payments from 3 M and BD. CMR’s employer (The University of Queensland or Griffith University) has received unrestricted research grants on her behalf from BD and Solventum, consultancy payments from Solventum, BD, BBraun, and ITL Biomedical, and the AVATAR group has received educational travel sponsorship from ICU Medical, Solventum and Spectrum Vascular. COB, GM, JS, and TLS have no conflicts of interest.