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Authors
Ortega-López, Yolanda https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1744-1564
Molina-Cabrillana, Jesús
Sempere-Alcocer, Marco Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-4630
López-Gigosos, Rosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5303-3151
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2026
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: “At the time of data extraction from the RAE-CMBD, a confidentiality agreement was signed to ensure the protection of personal data. All data were fully anonymised prior to analysis, and no direct or indirect identification of patients, healthcare facilities, or reporting units was possible. The dataset did not contain any variables that could enable re-identification, and the researchers had no access to identifiable clinical records. The RAE-CMBD is a national administrative healthcare database managed by the Spanish Ministry of Health and regulated under Spanish legislation governing the use of administrative healthcare data for research and public health purposes. According to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Organic Law 3/2018 on the protection of personal data, fully anonymised data are not considered personal data. Therefore, studies based exclusively on such data do not require approval from a Research Ethics Committee. Accordingly, no ethics approval was required for this study.”
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
