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Article History

Received: 24 October 2024

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 5 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice, as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2002). MIMIC-IV is a publicly accessible, anonymized database. We successfully completed the Protecting Human Research Participants examination (No. 32900964) to obtain access to the database. Approval for the project was granted by the institutional review boards at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), which provided a waiver for informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.