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Article History

Received: 9 March 2025

Accepted: 4 June 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The research involving human subjects was granted approval from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Specifically, the IRB of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center provided consent under the reference number De2001-P-001699/14, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology offered approval with the designation No. 0403000206. The first author, Ting Ao, was given access to the MIMIC-IV database following successful completion of an online course and test (Certificate ID: 58844105 Ting Ao). The research conducted adhered to local legislation and institutional requirements. Furthermore, written informed consent from participants or their legal guardians/next of kin was also waived by the ethics committee/institutional review board, as the database did not contain protected health information.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.