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Authors
Hsieh, Hui-Hsia
Tien, Ni
Lin, Cheng-Li
Wong, Wai-Huen
Lee, Wan-Yi
Chen, Chi-Hua
Tsai, Fuu-Jen
You, Bang-Jau
Fang, Yi-Jen
Lim, Yun-Ping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation (TTCRD114-27)
Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital (SRD-113053)
China Medical University (CMU114-MF-29)
National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C. (NSTC114-2314-B-039-075)
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Revised: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 28 August 2025
First Online: 23 September 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: The NHIRD encrypts the patients’ personal information to protect their privacy. It also provides researchers with anonymized identification numbers connected to key claim information such as sex, date of birth, medical services used, and prescriptions. Therefore, patient informed consent was not required to access NHIRD. To satisfy the criteria for exemption, the China Medical University Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) issued a clearance [CMUH112-REC1-117(CR-2)] in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The IRB Review Board waived the requirement for permission.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
