Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 November 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilized publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018, which had received ethical approval from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. All participants in NHANES provided written informed consent. As this analysis involved secondary use of anonymized data, additional ethical approval was not required.

: Not applicable. This study is based on secondary analysis of anonymized data, and no new participants were recruited. This study does not involve identifiable individual data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.