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Authors
Gao, Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0271-7571
Duan, Zhiping https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1893-7239
Li, Jing
Du, Sicheng
Song, Lijun
Zhao, Ran
Hou, Yan
Zhao, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education (2024J0866)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: Participants in our study were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). CHARLS informed consent was obtained from each participant before conducting the investigation. The CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015). All research methods were conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant legislation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
