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Authors
Zhong, Hui
Yan, Guangyan
Huang, Chaolin
Shu, Huaqing
Pan, Shangwen
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study from MIMIC-IV database was approved by the review committee of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. In the MIMIC-IV database, the data is publicly available. Therefore, the ethical approval statement and the requirement for informed consent were waived for this study.
: All authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approved it for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
