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Authors
Shang, Haibin
Deng, Zhen
Lian, Youzhi
Ai, Youli
Li, Guozhong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Action Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation Rising-Star Program (Sailing Project） (22YF1431900)
Shanghai health committee Clinical industry Youth project (20244Y0094)
Shanghai health committee Clinical industry special general project (202240188)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. During the fieldwork, each respondent who agreed to participate in the survey was asked to sign two copies of the informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
