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Authors
Zhang, Jian
Wang, Lizhao
Chen, Heyan
Yan, Yu
Ge, Guanqun
Wang, Ke
He, Jianjun
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Article History
Received: 3 May 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: Since the SEER database is available to global users, for this type of study formal consent is not required. Therefore, the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University is exempted from review. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: No informed consent from patients was required for this study, as the analysis used anonymous data from the SEER database. The authors have signed the SEER database use agreement and obtained permission for access and use of the SEER database.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
