Wei, Shouxin
Yu, Sijia
Qian, Chuan
Xu, Zhengwen
Jia, Yindong
Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The ethical review board of the National Center for Health Statistics granted approval to the NHANES protocols; CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University Health Science Center and ethical approval was exempted in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.