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Authors
Chen, Zhiyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-5731
Zhang, Enpu
Liu, Nanxin
Tao, Tao
Huang, Guixiao https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4307-0526
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline, Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund (SZXK021)
Shenzhen Municipal Government’s “Three Major Projects in Medical and Health Care” (SZSM202201024)
Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases (SZCRCUN2025004)
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted by following the Declaration of Helsinki, and the National Center for Health Statistics institutional review board approved the overall NHANES. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and documented consent was obtained from participants. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable.
: The survey protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics ( ), and NHANES has obtained written informed consent from all participants. Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
