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Authors
Tian, Menglin
Zhang, Jilei
Nian, Chaoliang
Wei, MengTing
Kuang, Wenzhang
Du, Wenyin
Yang, Sen
Zhao, Xiaohua
Liao, Qiwei
Xue, Qiang
Guo, Fuding
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Youth Foundation for Basic Research Talent, Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education (2025J0171)
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Article History
Received: 5 August 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was based on publicly available, de-identified data from NHANES and was, therefore, exempt from additional institutional ethics review.
: The National Centre for Health Statistics’ research ethics review board approved the NHANES study.
: All the NHANES participants provided their written informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
