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Authors
Ke, Li
Li, Ying
Jiang, Sili
Xing, Wenli
Zhao, Lei
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: This research includes individuals as participants. Approval for the CHARLS survey initiative was granted by the Biomedical Ethics Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided their informed consent in writing at the time of their involvement.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
