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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study utilized de-identified data from the MIMIC-IV database, whose original collection was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, with patient consent waived due to retrospective anonymized data usage. Our analysis of this publicly available data set was exempt from further ethical approval by our institution’s review board, and all procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and data use agreements (CITI No. 12102426).

: The authors declare no competing interests.