Chen, Xuan
Liu, Boying
Wang, Gefei
Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The studies involving MIMIC-IV database were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The studies involving eICU–CRD were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the corresponding medical centers. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study, because the personal information of the participants has been encrypted.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that the creation of this manuscript did not involve any Gen AI.