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Authors
Zhao, Xingyang
Hu, Sujia
Liu, Weilin
Ge, Shuwang
Xu, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82230021)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170702)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82200771)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82100730)
National key research and development program (2021YFC2500204)
Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2023AFB838)
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Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
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: The present study is negligible risk research that involves existing collections of non-identifiable data about human beings. It is a de-identified secondary analysis of freely available data. Research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board. NHANES was approved by the National Centre for Health Statistics research ethics review board and informed consent was obtained for all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
