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Authors
Ding, Rong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9265-8330
Su, Rui
Deng, Yanhua
Liu, Jia
Wu, Jiayu
Niu, Xin
Wang, Liqiong
Wang, Dan
Zhao, Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9833-8389
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Hospital Fund Project of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (202404-10)
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: Approval for using the MIMIC IV database was obtained from the IRBs of both MIT and BIDMC. The MIMIC database’s existing ethical approval applies to the data in this study, eliminating the requirement for additional ethical approval or informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
