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Authors
Qin, Yanan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7818-9023
Yu, Na https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2531-2362
Luan, Weichang https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9506-3814
Chen, Hongyi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2020-2975
Ren, Xinxin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6202-2864
Zhang, Jie https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9909-5860
Liu, Chunhua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-5019
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Declarations
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: The NHANES protocols received approval from the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics, an entity within the US CDC, and all survey participants provided written informed consent.
: All the authors agree to publish this work.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
