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Authors
Yu, Shuai
Ren, Yaya
Song, Jiangang
Zhu, Yuxin
Jiang, Hua
Li, Yuanxia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Graduate Student Practice and Innovation Plan (YS2025006)
The Yan’an Science and Technology Plan (2025-SFGG-072)
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study involved the analysis of medical records from 628 hospitalized children diagnosed with pneumonia at the Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University. Data collection was conducted non-invasively through the retrieval of anonymized routine medical records from the hospital archives. Due to the retrospective and non-invasive nature of the study, along with the de-identification of the data utilized, the research team sought and obtained a waiver of informed consent from the Ethics Committee of Yan’an University Hospital, China. The waiver application included a detailed rationale for the exemption. The Ethics Committee rigorously evaluated the study design, data handling procedures, and grounds for exemption in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Subsequently, the committee formally granted approval for the study (No. IIT-R-20250178) to ensure adherence to ethical standards and regulatory protocols.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
