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Authors
Qiu, Xunhan
Sun, Jiateng
Gu, Yuhua
Ma, Jun
Xu, Li
Jiang, Meng
Pu, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Jyhz1905)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20341 and 82470394)
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Article History
Received: 29 November 2025
Accepted: 21 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study used previously recorded and de-identified clinical data collected between January 2022 and January 2024 at a single tertiary academic center. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics committee (Renji Hospital Ethics Committee; Approval No. KY2024-169-C) before data extraction and analysis. Because the study involved no direct patient contact and used only anonymized data, the requirement for informed consent was waived. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and data confidentiality and security were maintained throughout.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
