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Authors
Wang, Huifang
Liu, Jun
Jiang, Chunhui
Liu, Xuemei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qingdao Key Health Discipline Development Fund
Qingdao Key Clinical Specialty Elite Discipline
Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital “Clinical Medicine + X”
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2025
Accepted: 21 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: Because the database used in this study did not contain personal identifiers, and the study was designed to be retrospective and observational, the requirement for informed consent was waived. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (IRB approval no.: QYFY WZLL 28800).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
