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Article History

Received: 18 April 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). As the data utilized in this study are publicly available through the MIMIC-IV database, the requirement for additional ethical approval and informed consent was waived.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.