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Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Accepted: 16 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was based entirely on secondary analysis of anonymised and de-identified publicly available datasets. No primary data were collected, no human participants were directly recruited or contacted, and no personally identifiable information was accessed. Therefore, formal ethics approval was not required. Consent to participate was not applicable because the study used existing anonymised secondary data only.

: Consent to publish was also not applicable because the manuscript does not contain identifiable personal data, images, or individual participant details.

: The authors declare no competing interests.