Ma, Xiangtao
Zhao, Qin
Liu, Hansong
Feng, Wei
Liu, Jia
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Youth Research Fund of Qingdao University (QDFYQN2024214)
Shandong Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Guidance Project (202104110843)
Article History
Received: 21 December 2025
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (approval number: QYFYWZCC29425).
Consent for publication: Given the retrospective nature of the study, and considering that it does not involve human harm, sensitive information, or commercial interests, the Ethics Committee waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent from patients.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.