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Article History

Received: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective cohort study utilized the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD), a multicenter, de-identified public database. The creation and public release of the eICU-CRD database were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since the data underwent de-identification prior to release, the IRB waived the requirement for informed consent. Therefore, this secondary analysis based on the database does not require separate IRB approval. The principal investigator of this study has completed the necessary ethical training on human research data through the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI Program) and has received certification in the “Human Research—Use of Data or Specimens Only” course (Record ID: 73610476). The reporting of this study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.