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Authors
Wang, Bin
Zhang, Jian
Sun, Jian
Li, Ji
Jia, Wenxiao
Zhu, Hui
Guo, Hongbo
Zhang, Xuzheng
Guo, Xiaokang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7906-8521
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 23 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research has been approved by the ethics committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute. This study utilized deidentified data stored in the SEER database and, therefore, waived the requirement for individual informed consent.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
