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Authors
Zhang, Jing
Lv, Yating
Li, Tongqin
Jiang, Yujing
Wang, Jiaqi
Yuan, Yamin
Meng, Yanfei
Rui, Haiying
Yan, Xiaoxi
Li, Miaobo
Dong, Xiaorong
Zhang, Bei
Ma, Li
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82560378)
Gansu Province Joint Scientific Research Fund (24JRRA930)
the Lanzhou Science and Technology Talent Innovation Program (2018-RC-85)
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Article History
Received: 1 January 2026
Accepted: 28 June 2026
First Online: 9 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All health information in the MIMIC-IV database has been de‑identified; therefore, individual patient consent was not required. The study protocol for database access was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Approval Number: 58398978).This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province (Approval No. 20250217). All research procedures were conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and stringent measures were implemented throughout the study to ensure the confidentiality of patient data.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
