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Authors
Takahashi, Goro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-6293
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2024
Accepted: 30 August 2025
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not involve human participants, data, or tissue. The data were collected with informed consent from all participating farmers and pertain solely to livestock feeding practices. No personally identifiable information was obtained, and all data were anonymized prior to analysis. According to the ethical guidelines of Aichi University ( : Japanese), this type of research does not require formal ethical approval.
: Not applicable.
: The author declares that he has no competing interests.
