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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (2023R1A2C2003175)
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2025
Accepted: 1 June 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: All authors of the manuscript confirm the ethics approval and consent to participate following the Journal’s policies.
: All authors of the manuscript agree on the publication of this work in the International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
