Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (No. NRF-2022R1C1C2003944)
Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 27 July 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Declarations
:
: All authors of the manuscript confirm the ethical approval and consent to participate following the Journal’s policies.
: All authors of the manuscript agree on the publication of this work in the International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.