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Authors
Lee, Inyong
Choi, Jongkwon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-8458
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hongik University
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: One of the authors (Jongkwon Choi) is currently serving as an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (IJCSM) . To avoid any conflict of interest, this author will not be involved in the editorial handling or decision-making process for this manuscript. The other author has no competing interests to declare.
