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Article History

Received: 13 January 2026

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue, and therefore ethics approval and consent to participate were not required according to the institutional and journal policies.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or personal details). All authors participated in this work as co-authors agreed to publish this paper in International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.